Method and Apparatus for Power Management for a Radio Frequency Identification System

ABSTRACT

A method and device of power management for a networked radio frequency identification (“RFID”) system are disclosed. The described power management methods reduce the power consumption of battery-operated RFID readers and RFID tags. These power conservation methods increase the RFID system&#39;s hours of operation and decrease the cost by allowing the RFID readers and tags to function for a longer period of time before requiring charging or replacement of their batteries.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to wireless communication. Morespecifically, the present invention relates to a radio frequencyidentification (“RFID”) communications network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Radio frequency (“RF”) and wireless communication technologies havebecome an integral part of our modern lives. RFID applications havingshort and/or long range communication capabilities have been applied invarious business operations, such as supply chain automation, inventorytracking, smartcard applications, and security accessing. In oneexample, telemetry applications are used to gather data for temperature,motion, sound, video, light and moisture. RFID technology typicallyemploys backscattered RF power or energy to identify distance objects.

An RFID system typically includes readers and tags, also known astransponders. RFID is a wireless technology that uses electronic tagsfor storing data. RFID tags are read when they are close to atransmitted radio signal from an RFID reader. RFID readers manage RFIDtags and pass their information also known as tag data onto networkservers, corporate databases and business applications. The readers actlike gateways between tags and corporate servers/databases by providingRF interfaces to tags on one side, and standard network interfaces onthe other side.

Mobile RFID readers typically operate on batteries. Certain types oftags, called active tags, also require batteries to operate. A problemassociated with battery operated RFID devices is limited battery life.As such, the performance and uninterrupted operation of an RFID deviceare closely related to its power efficiency, because it stops workingwhen its battery is drained. Accordingly, there is a need in the art toimprove power efficiency for RFID devices to enhance the overallperformance of the RFID system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses a technique of power management for aradio frequency identification (“RFID”) system. The RFID system includesan RFID tag and an RFID reader wherein the RFID tag further includes amemory and an antenna. The RFID reader is logically coupled to the RFIDtag and, in one embodiment, it includes power management devices, adigital processing controller, and a display. The power managementdevices are configured to conserve power in response to ambientinformation from the surrounding environment of the RFID device. Thedigital processing controller controls communications between the RFIDtag and the RFID reader. The power management, in one embodiment, iscapable of switching a component, such as the display of the reader,into a low power operating mode or a sleep state to conserve power.

Additional features and benefits of the present invention will becomeapparent from the detailed description, figures and claims set forthbelow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be understood more fully from the detaileddescription given below and from the accompanying drawings of variousembodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken tolimit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanationand understanding only.

FIG. 1A is a computer network topology illustrating a networkenvironment in which an RF system can be implemented in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating an RFID network system inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is a system diagram illustrating a computer system wherein thesystem includes power management in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 2B is an RFID reader system unit using GPS positioning informationto conserve power in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader using a motionsensor for power conversation in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader using a powercontrol tag for power conservation in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader using atransmission power control for power conservation in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader using signalboosters for power conservation in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader using ad-hoc/meshnetworking for power management in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system using RF coverageand interference levels for power management in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system using tagfrequency information for power management in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system usingcommunication between active tags and readers for power management inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system using active tagcommunications for power management in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system having powermanagement using active tag ad-hoc/mesh networking in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating a process of power management for anRFID system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention are described herein in the contextof a method, system and apparatus for providing power management forsystems using radio frequency identification (“RFID”). Those of ordinaryskill in the art will realize that the following detailed description ofthe present invention is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. Other embodiments of the present invention willreadily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit ofthis disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to implementationsof the present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.The same reference indicators will be used throughout the drawings andthe following detailed description to refer to the same or like parts.

In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of theimplementations described herein are shown and described. It will, ofcourse, be appreciated that in the development of any such actualimplementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be madein-order to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliancewith application and business related constraints, and that thesespecific goals will vary from one implementation to another and from onedeveloper to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such adevelopment effort might be complex and time-consuming, but wouldnevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those ofordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

In accordance with the present invention, the components, process steps,and/or data structures described herein may be implemented using varioustypes of operating systems, computing platforms, computer programs,and/or general purpose machines. In addition, those of ordinary skill inthe art will recognize that devices of a less general purpose nature,such as hardwired devices, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or the like, may alsobe used without departing from the scope and spirit of the inventiveconcepts disclosed herein. Where a method comprising a series of processsteps is implemented by a computer or a machine and those process stepscan be stored as a series of instructions readable by the machine, theymay be stored on a tangible medium such as a computer memory device(e.g., ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory),EEPROM (Electrically Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory), FLASHMemory, Jump Drive, and the like), magnetic storage medium (e.g., tape,magnetic disk drive, and the like), optical storage medium (e.g.,CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, paper card and paper tape, and the like) and otherknown types of program memory.

The present invention discloses a technique of power management forconserving power in an RFID system. The RFID system includes an RFID tagand an RFID reader wherein the RFID tag also includes a memory and anantenna. The RFID reader, which is logically coupled to the RFID tag,includes a power management unit, a digital processing controller, and adisplay. The power management unit is configured to conserve power inresponse to ambient information obtained from the surroundingenvironment of the reader. The processing controller controlscommunications between RFID tags, reader, and access point(s). Thedisplay is capable of entering a sleep state for conserving power inresponse to an energy conserving command from the power management unit.

The power management unit is configured to control power consumption inRFID readers, RFID tags, and RFID system applications. The presentinvention of power management can be implemented primarily in hardware,software, or a combination of hardware and software. The powermanagement is implemented in RFID readers, tags, and/or systemapplications. The power management unit may use various power savingtechniques, such as eliminating duplicate tag data, grouping datatransmissions, entering low power consumption mode (or sleep state),changing data transmission frequency, reducing clock cycles for RFIDdevices; and using wireless ad-hoc network transmission schemes.

The method of eliminating duplicates further includes filteringduplicated tag data and/or incomplete tag data from tag reads beforeforwarding the data to access points. Every data transmission consumespower. The power consumption of an RFID reader is reduced if the numbersof transmissions are decreased. Thus, eliminating unnecessary data suchas duplicate data will conserve power. Another method of reducing thenumber of transmissions is to group the tag data, in which the powermanagement groups multiple data transmissions into one datatransmission. It should be noted that multiple data transmissionsconsume more power than a single large data transmission.

An RFID device, such as a reader, is capable of entering into a lowpower consumption mode or a sleep state, hereinafter referred to as asleep state. A sleep state occurs when some or all of the circuits in anRFID device are turned off. In addition, a sleep state can be triggeredby location, motion, or a power saving command. For instance, the powermanagement switches a portion or all of the circuits in an RFID readerinto a sleep state if the reader is not reading or is not in a tagreading zone. Also, an RFID reader may enter into a sleep state if thereader is not moving (or still) for a period of time. The period oftime, which determines whether the reader is still or moving, may bepredefined by a user. For example, an on-board sensor detects themovement of the reader and if the reader is not moving, it instructs thepower management to turn off all or a portion of the circuitry in thereader to conserve power.

Adjusting or reducing circuit clock frequency is another power savingmethod for an RFID device because the RFID device consumes more power ifit operates in a high clock frequency. Signal boosters and/or ad-hocnetworking may also be used to conserve power. In another embodiment, anRFID device, such as a tag or reader, is integrated into otherelectronic devices such as cellular phones and personal digitalassistants (“PDA's”), which allow the RFID device to access largerbatteries.

An RFID application based power saving method, in one embodiment,interrogates RFID tags using techniques of radio frequency coverage andpower efficient positions to conserve power. The RFID application methodmay further include controlling readers to avoid multiple tag reads ofthe same tag. A method of graceful degradation of the RFID applicationmay also be employed when the battery levels are reduced.

RFID tag based power management includes using compact representationsfor storing information on the tags. Integrating active tags into otherdevices such as cellular phones and PDAs with larger batteries is analternative option to conserve power. Also, if the active tags are notbeing read, they may be switched into sleep states, or they may reducetheir circuit clock frequency to conserve power. In one embodiment, lowpower tags are configured to communicate their status of low batterypower to nearby readers or other tags in order to bere-programmed/re-configured for conserving power. RFID readers and tagscan also use AC powered signal boosters or active tag ad-hoc networkingto conserve power.

FIG. 1A is a computer network topology 100 illustrating a networkenvironment in which a RF system can be implemented in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. Wide-area network 102 includesthe Internet, or other proprietary networks including America On-Line™,SBC™, Microsoft Network™, and Prodigy™. Wide-area network 102 and mayfurther include network backbones, long-haul telephone lines, Internetservice providers, various levels of network routers, and other meansfor routing data between computers. In one aspect, Network 101 is awireless communications network, such as T-mobile or Verizon wirelessnetworks. Network 101 is coupled to Network 102 via Network 103, whichcan be another public network or private network. It should be notedthat Network 101, 102 and 103 can be the same network. It should beobvious to one skilled in the art that it is within the scope of thepresent invention if additional systems are added to or subtracted fromthe computer network 100.

In this network environment, an RFID system 130 is coupled to wide-areanetworks 101-102. RFID system 130 is further coupled to an access point166 and a cellular base station unit 170. In one embodiment, RFID system130 includes power management which is used to converse powerconsumption within RFID system 130. Server 104 is coupled to RFID system130 and it is, in one aspect, used to assist routing data to clients114-116 through a local-area network (“LAN”) 106 and wide-area networks101-103. The LAN connection allows client system 114 to communicate withRFID system 130 or other systems through LAN 106, and to communicatewith clients 110-112 via LAN 106 and wide-area network 102 and/ornetwork 103. Using conventional network protocols, RFID system 130 maycommunicate through wide-area network 102 to a plurality of clientcomputer systems 110-112, supplier system 120, and storage device 122.For example, client system 110 is connected directly to wide-areanetwork 102 through direct or dial-up telephone or other networktransmission lines. Alternatively, clients 110-112 may be connectedthrough wide-area network 102 using a modem pool.

Using one of a variety of network connection means, RFID system 130,which may include an RFID tag, an RFID reader, a personal computer(“PC”), a mini-computer, a server, a workstation, or a mainframecomputer, that support multiple applications of RFID system 130 toclients across the network. In one embodiment, RFID system 130 may storeand retrieve various electronic information (or data) in storage system122 through a wide-area network 102. RFID system 130 is capable ofobtaining information such as supplier's inventory from supplier system120 via the network.

Having briefly described one embodiment of the network environment inwhich the present invention operates, FIG. 1B illustrates an RFIDnetwork system 150 that is coupled to a communications network 184 viaintermediate devices such as a router 180. RFID network system 150includes multiple RFID tags 152, RFID readers 160, access points166-172, and a communication network 184. In one embodiment, accesspoints 166-172 further include wireless LAN access points 166 andcellular access points 170-172. RFID network system 150 is coupled to acommunications network or Internet 184 via switcher or router(s) 180.

RFID network system 150, in one embodiment, supports many types ofcommunication protocols, such as TCP/IP, UDP, http, SNMP, and 802.11*WLAN, cellular (GPRS, CDMA, GSM, CDPD, 2.5G, 3G, etc), bluetooth,Ultra-WideBand (UWB), WiMax, Zigbee, and/or other ad-hoc/mesh networktechnologies. An advantage of using such existing networkinginfrastructures is to enhance the flexibility and to reduce theimplementation cost of an RFID system. RFID network system 150 alsoincludes multiple readers 1 . . . m 162, which in one embodiment may beintegrated into other electronic products, such as cellular phones,PDAs, laptops, wireless game consoles, etc. To conserve powerconsumption, readers 160 are configured to perform filtering operations,which eliminate duplicate and incomplete tag reads and thereby eliminateunnecessary network traffic.

Referring back to FIG. 1B, RFID tags 152 include n number of tagsranging from tag 1 to tag n, wherein n can be any integer number. Tags152 include various types of tags, such as tag type A, B, C, and D. Forexample, tag type A is a passive tag that has no internal power sourceand it obtains power from its antenna when it is interrogated by areader (backscattering modulation). Tag type A usually has a memorydevice as such ROM for storing information such as a tag ID code. Tagtype B is also a passive tag that has no internal power source. Tag typeB obtains power from its antenna when it is interrogated by a reader anduses the power for its circuit. Tag type B also has memory, and it ispossible for a reader to interrogate the tag and write to the tag'smemory. Active tags are also available for an RFID network system 150.For example, tag type C contains a battery, ROM and RAM. Similarly, tagtype D also includes a battery, ROM and RAM and is capable ofcommunicating with others sensors, tags, and devices. It should be notedthat other type of tags may also be available in an RFID system.

Tag types A and B are typically smaller and less expensive than tagstypes C and D. Tag types C and D however have more capabilities. Tagtypes A, B, C, and D are sometimes referred to as class-1, class-2,class-3 and class-4, respectively. The ranges of these tags vary from0.3 meters (“m”) for A and B, 100 m for C, and up to 30,000 m for D.Active sensor tags can measure environmental data such as temperature,light, sound, video, acceleration, vibration, pressure and movement.RFID network system 150 illustrates a group of tags 152 (passive tag oractive tags with batteries) and battery operated readers 160, whereinreaders 160 are capable of having multimode wireless radios thatcommunicate with WLAN access points 166 and cellular access points170-172.

RFID reader (or reader) 160 includes m number of readers from reader 1 .. . m 162, wherein m can be any integer number. In one embodiment,readers 160 include power management to manage power consumption forreaders 160 and tags 152. Reader 1 is capable of interrogating tag 1, 2and 3 via radio frequency 190. Once the information or tag data isobtained from tags 1 to 3, reader 1 passes the information (or tag data)to an access point(s) using wireless (or RF) signals 192. The accesspoint, which could be a wireless LAN access point 167 or a cellular basestation 174, transmits the information to a server via the Internet orother communications network 184.

RFID network system 150 illustrates two Internet Protocol (“IP”) basednetworking Wireless LAN (WLAN) 166 and cellular infrastructures 170-172.RFID readers 160, in one embodiment, support multiple networks such asthe Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”),User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”),Simple Network Management Protocol (“SNMP”). If reader 162 is equippedwith WLAN functionality, it can communicate with an AC powered accesspoint 167, which further links to the Internet 184 via a router/switch180. It should be noted that router/switch 180 may also be limited byproprietary or organizational firewalls. In another embodiment, ifreader 162 has a cellular functionality such as General Packet RadioServices (“GPRS”), Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”), Global Systemfor Mobile Communications (“GSM”), Cellular Digital Packet Data(“CDPD”), 2.5G and 3G, reader 162 can communicate with an AC poweredcellular base-station 174 and a cellular backbone 176, which is furthercoupled to servers over the network via router(s) 180. Alternatively, ifreader 162 is equipped with both WLAN and cellular functionalities, itcan either use WLAN network or cellular network or both to communicatewith the networks. While FIG. 1B shows WLAN 166 and cellularcommunications networks 170-172, readers 160 can also be equipped withother types of networking interfaces such as Bluetooth, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), WiMax, Zigbee, and ad-hoc/mesh network.

In operation, tags 152 are configured to store encoded information suchas Electronic Product Code (“EPC”) data in their memories. Nearbyreaders 160, such as reader 162, is capable of reading EPC of tag 1 ortag 3. Once readers 160 read the tag data from tags 152, readers 160forward the tag data to WLAN access points 166, which subsequentlyforward the tag data to servers via Internet 184. WLAN access points166, a router 180 or an internet/intranet server controller 182 withRFID middleware and/or RFID software, initiates tag read commands toreaders 160. After receipt of tag read commands, readers 160 interrogatea set of tags 152. Readers 160, in one embodiment, interrogate tags 152and read encoded tag information and/or EPC from tags 152. Each reader162, in one embodiment, contains RFID middleware/software that iscapable of performing a filtering operation to filter duplicate andfalse tag data. After the filtering operation, readers 160 forward thedata to WLAN access points 166, or cellular network 170-172, or both.WLAN access points 166 may also provide network security, encryption,authentication, and bridge/route the wireless traffic to a wiredEthernet network, or the Internet via a router 180. WLAN access points166 having RFID middleware/software components are capable of filteringduplicate reads of the same tag by different readers. WLAN access points166 subsequently forward the data to router 180. Router 180 may be alsoconfigured to have RFID middleware/software components for performingsome data processing capabilities (or functions) before forwarding thedata to Internet/Intranet servers.

Next generation Cellular networks 170 use packet switching technologysuch as GPRS and CDPD to facilitate RF communications between variousRFID devices. Conventional telephony and older cellular networks usecircuit switched technology which provides a dedicated path wherein allpackets travel along the same path to a receiver. With packet switching,however, router 180 and/or similar routers in Internet 184 determinedifferent paths for each packet, and a packet assembler rearranges thepackets from a random order into a logical order.

RFID readers 160, in one embodiment, are equipped with cellular radios(instead of or in addition to 802.11* wireless LAN radios) and areconfigured to use cellular base stations 174 and backbone 176 to connectto Internet 184 via router 180. It should be noted that RFID networksystem 150 only shows one router 180, which connects to both cellularnetwork 170-172 and WLAN 166. Router 180 can be a cluster of routers orswitches. It should be noted that it can be many other variations ofRFID network system 150 as illustrated in FIG. 1B. For example, WLANaccess points 166 and cellular network 170-172 are combined into oneaccess point. Also, WLAN access points 166 and cellular network 170 maybe integrated into router 180.

Having described embodiments of the network environments in which thepresent invention operates, FIG. 2A illustrates a computer system 200which includes a RF power management unit in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. Computer system 200 is an exemplaryclient system 110-116, or a system or a reader in which the features ofthe present invention may be implemented. The present invention can beimplemented in any processor-based computer system, such as a PC, aworkstation, a mainframe computer or a microprocessor based digitalprocessing device. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart that other alternative computer system architectures may also beemployed.

Referring back to FIG. 2, computer system 200 includes a processing unit201, an interface bus 211, and an input/output (“IO”) unit 220.Processing unit 201 includes a processor 202, a main memory 204, asystem bus 211, a static memory device 206, a bus control unit 205, amass storage memory 207, and a power management 230. Bus 211 is used totransmit information between various components and processor 202 fordata processing. Processor 202 may be any of a wide variety ofgeneral-purpose processors or microprocessors such as Pentium™microprocessor, Motorola™ 68040, or Power PC™ microprocessor.

Main memory 204, which may include multiple levels of cache memories,stores frequently used data and instructions. Main memory 204 may be RAM(random access memory), MRAM (magnetic RAM), or flash memory. Staticmemory 206 may be a ROM (read-only memory), which is coupled to bus 211,for storing static information and/or instructions. Bus control unit 205is coupled to buses 211-212 and controls which component, such as mainmemory 204 or processor 202, can use the bus. Bus control unit 205manages the communications between bus 211 and bus 212. Mass storagememory 207 may be a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a hard disk drive, afloppy disk, a CD-ROM, and/or flash memories for storing large amountsof data. Power management 230 may in one embodiment, be an independentcomponent (IC) that performs functions of RF communications as well asother tasks. In another embodiment, Power management 230 may residewithin the processor 202, main memory 204, and/or static memory 206.

I/O unit 220, in one embodiment, includes a display 221, keyboard 222,cursor control device 223, and communication device 225. Display device221 may be a liquid crystal device, cathode ray tube (“CRT”),touch-screen display, or other suitable display device. Keyboard 222 maybe a conventional alphanumeric input device for communicatinginformation between computer system 200 and computer operator(s).Another type of user input device is cursor control device 223, such asa conventional mouse, touch mouse, trackball, or other type of cursorfor communicating information between system 200 and user(s).

Communication device 225 is coupled to bus 211 for accessing informationfrom remote computers or servers, such as server 104 or other computers,through wide-area network 102. Communication device 225 may include amodem or a network interface device, Wireless LAN or cellular radio, orother similar devices that facilitate communication between computer 200and the network. Computer system 200 may be coupled to a number ofservers 104 via a network infrastructure such as the infrastructureillustrated in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader system 235 havinga power management unit using GPS positioning information in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention. The RFID reader system orreader 235, hereinafter referred to as reader 235, includes a memory204, a GPS device 244, a digital processing controller or processor 202,a power switch 242, a battery 240, a baseband circuitry 246, aninterface unit or display device 221, and an RF transceiver 248. Bus 250is used to interconnect the devices in reader 235.

Digital processing controller or processor 202, hereinafter referred toas “processor”, may be any of a wide variety of general-purposeprocessors as described earlier. In one embodiment, processor 202 isused to control activities of reader 235 including power management.Memory 204, which is also referred to as memory unit and storagelocation, stores data such as recovery data. Recovery data restores adevice, such as processor 202, from a sleep state to an activate state.The interface unit or display device 221 may be a liquid crystal device,touch-screen display, or any suitable display device that can be mountedon reader 235. Bus 250 may be a system bus that is used for transferringinformation between components within reader 235.

Baseband circuitry 246, which is also known as a base modulator or linecoding, is used to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog RFbaseband channel. RF transceiver 248, in one embodiment, receives andtransmits RF signals between tags 152 and reader 235. RF transceiver 248is also capable of receiving and transmitting data between reader 235and an access point. Battery power unit 240 supplies power to reader 235and power switch 242 is used to switch on or off all or a portion ofcomponents such as display 221, baseband circuitry 246 and/or RFtransceiver 248 in reader 235. It should be noted that power switch 242can be a hardware switch, software switch, or a combination of hardwareand software switches. The terms power switching unit, power switch, andswitch, will be used interchangeably.

In one embodiment, power management uses GPS device 244 to conservepower. GPS device 244 is configured to receive navigation radio signals(“GPS signals”) from a satellite navigation system such as NavigationSignal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System (“Navstar GPS”). GPSdevice 244 is capable of determining the geographic location of reader235 according to GPS signals. According to the physical location ofreader 235, GPS device 244 or Processor 202 determines whether reader235 is within any predetermined active reading zones. Informationrelating to the predetermined active reading zones is preloaded andstored in reader 235, such as in memory 204. If reader 235 is in atleast one of the active reading zones according to the GPS signals,processor 202 instructs power switch 242 to activate sleeping componentssuch as baseband circuitry 246 and display device 221 from a sleep stateto an active state. Conversely, if reader 235 is outside of anypredetermined active reading zones, processor 202 instructs power switch242 to switch all or a portion of active components in reader 235, suchas baseband circuitry 246, display device 221, and RF transceiver, fromthe active state to the sleep state. It should be noted that some othercomponents such as processor 202 can also be switched in full or halfsleep state for conserving power. For example, if reader 235 is not in apredetermined active reading zone and its GPS coordinates are notchanging for a certain period of time then the reader is considered tobe stationary and even the processor can be put in a sleep state andawaken when the GPS coordinates change.

Power management using GPS 244 in an RFID reader is useful for certainRF applications. For example, an RFID application requires mobilereaders to operate at certain rooms, spaces or physical locations. Whena RF reader is outside of a reading zone or a hot zone area, powermanagement switches the RF reader to a sleep state for power savings.If, however, reader 235 is equipped with GPS chips and the GPSinformation indicates that reader 235 has just moved into a locationthat requires tag reads, reader 235 is activated from the sleep state.In one embodiment, GPS 244, memory 204, and processor 202 are configuredto remain powered-on all the time whether reader 235 is within oroutside an active reading zone.

Alternatively, only the necessary components in a reader (or an activetag) are active and the remaining components are in the sleep state toconserve power. For instance, GPS 244 may stay active while theremaining components such as processor 202, a portion of memory 204,baseband circuitry 246, display 221, and RF transceiver 248 are all insleep mode. It should be noted that other devices such as motion sensorsmay be used together with GPS devices 244 for power management in anRFID devices. It should be further noted that RFID devices includes RFIDreaders, RFID tags, and so forth.

An advantage of adding the power management to RFID devices enhances theperformance of the RFID network. For example, the efficiency of an RFIDnetwork can be improved in terms of hours of operation, amount ofinformation gathered and processed, and graceful degradations for RFIDapplications. Reducing power consumption also lowers cost (e.g. cost ofreplacing batteries or the use of smaller battery sources). For example,readers 160 use various sleep states (power down or low-power levelswith displays turned off and/or CPU frequency lowered) when no reads areneeded in order to reduce charge/current/energy usage from theirbatteries. In another example, a manual power on/off switch may be usedto turn the power to reader 235 on or off.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader 300 having amotion sensor 306 for power conservation in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. RFID reader 300 includes similarcomponents as reader 235, as shown in FIG. 2B, except that reader 300contains a motion detector 302 instead of a GPS device. Motion detector302, in one embodiment, includes a motion sensor 306, a timer 304, and apower switch 308. Power switch 308 is substantially the same device aspower switch 242, except that power switch 308 is controlled by motiondetector 302 while power switch 242 is controlled by GPS device 244.

Motion sensor 306 is an electronic device that detects objects orphysical movement in a predefined area. For example, motion sensor 306may employ infra-red detector, acoustical detector, or a combination ofboth for identifying any motions. Timer 304, which could be a digital,mechanical, electromechanical, or software clock, is used to control thesequence of an event or process. For example, when motion sensor 306detects no movement, it instructs timer 304 to start clocking. Whentimer 304 reaches a predefined time period such as 5 seconds, if therehas been no motion within that time period then timer 304 may issue anon-motion command. Upon receipt of the non-motion command, power switch308 subsequently turns off all or a portion of the components of reader300 for power conservation.

In one embodiment, mobile or fixed reader applications use non-zeromotion as a signal that a reader should become ready to read. If thereis zero motion for a period of time, a reader should go into a sleepstate to conserve power. During the operation, if reader 300 has beenstationary or still for a certain period of time, as measured by timer304, power management powers down all or a portion of the circuits inreader 300 (i.e., RF transceiver 248, processor 202, baseband circuitry246, display 221, memory 204). In this embodiment, motion detector 302is configured to remain active at all time (except when the reader isforced to power down with a manual power off control) whereby it canwake up reader 300 when any movement of reader 300 is detected. Forexample, motion detector 302 may continue to operate (i.e., motionsensor 306, timer 304, and power switch 308 are awake) to monitor thestatus of the reader. Once reader 300 is moving again, motion sensor 306detects the non-zero motion and sends a signal to power switch 308 towake up the sleeping circuits. It should be noted that an RFID devicesuch as a reader is in sleeping mode (or sleep state) if one or morecomponents such as a display on the device are in sleeping mode.

It should be noted that a user may adjust non-zero motion value, whichdefines the conditions or standards for a non-zero motion. The non-zeromotion value also depends on the application of the RFID reader. Itshould be further noted that in addition to motion detector 302, reader300 may also include a GPS device 244 for managing power consumption.

FIG. 4 illustrates an RFID reader 400 using a power control tag 402 forpower conservation in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The power control tag 402 is a passive tag that is used tocontrol the power to reader 400. RFID reader 400 includes similarcomponents as reader 300, as shown in FIG. 3, except that reader 400contains a power control tag 402 instead of motion detector 302. Powercontrol tag 402, in one embodiment, is coupled to an external RFIDdevice such as a master reader 410. It should be noted that reader 400may also include a motion detector 302 and a GPS device 244.

Reader 400, in one embodiment, is configured to be activated from thesleeping mode by a nearby master reader 410. Master reader 410 can beanother RFID reader. For example, if reader 400 is in the sleep state,master reader 402 can be used to interrogate the power-control tag 402.Power control tag 402 obtains its power from its antenna, when it isinterrogated by master reader 410. After obtaining power the powercontrol tag 402 generates a power-on signal to turn on power switch 308,which subsequently powers up reader 400. It is therefore the closeproximity of power control tag 402 to a master reader 410 and itsinterrogation by reader 410 that activates reader 400 from the sleepingmode.

A special configured master reader 410 with a long-range transmissioncapability may be used to activate all of the nearby sleeping readerssuch as reader 400. Alternatively, a method of activating nearby RFIDdevice(s) may be employed where once a reader is activated (or turnedon), it is responsible to activate another nearby reader(s), and then it(they) in turn does the same, etc. A rippling effect of activating allreaders in a region occurs. A variety of other methods, such as manualswitching and identifying ambient information from the surroundingenvironment can be used to determine when reader 400 should enter thesleep mode again.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID reader 500 usingtransmission power management for power conservation in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. RFID reader 500 includessimilar components as reader 400, as shown in FIG. 4, except that reader500 includes a transmission power control 510 instead of a power controltag. Reader 500 includes a battery 240, a memory 204, and a powercontrol 510. Memory 204 is further configured to include a storagelocation 530. Storage location 530, in one embodiment, is configured tohave multiple entries 532-534 wherein each entry further contains a tagID 520, a power level 522, a beam-width angle 524, and a beam-offsetangle 526. Tag ID 520 identifies a particular tag while power level 522indicates optimal power level to read a tag, which is identified by tagID 520. Beam-offset angle 526 and beam-width angle 524 identifydesirable angles to aim at a tag before reading. Beam-offset angle 526rotates the beam, and beam-width angle 524 focuses or widens the beam.If the beam-offset 526 and beam-width angle 524 are closely aligned to atargeted tag, they save battery power for the reader to communicate withthe targeted tag.

Referring back to FIG. 5, reader 500 employs transmission power control510 for power conservation. For example, implementing the powermanagement relating to transmission power can save battery power storedin battery 240. Reader 500, in one embodiment, uses wireless signalpropagation in the air and signal interference characteristics in adesignated area to determine a power efficient level (or an optimallevel) of transmission power to perform a tag read. It should be notedthat a tag read is performing an RFID read to one or more tags in adesignated area (or region). For example, if an application requires atag read within a given radius 514, the power to perform the tag readfor reader 500 is adjusted to match radius 514. Any tags such as tag 530are located within the radius 514 will be read. Conversely, any tagsthat are located outside of the radius 514 will not be read by reader500.

In another embodiment, the power management is capable of adjusting beamangles as shown in FIG. 5 to conserve power consumption. To enhancereading efficiency, the power management identifies desirable angles ofthe electronic beam, which, for example, can be the most direct,narrowest and shortest beam between the reader and the tag. Theidentified angles are stored in beam-width angle 524 and beam-offsetangle 526 of storage location 530. In other words, to reduce powerconsumption, the angles of the electronic beam are adjusted to focus thebeam energy more directly to a targeted tag.

During an operation, if the goal is to read a particular tag such as tag530, power control 510 initially starts with a low transmission powerlevel from its antenna 512. If reader 500 can not read tag 530correctly, power control 510 instructs amplifier 508 to adjust thetransmission power level to the next higher level, and then try to readtag 530 again. If reader 500 still can not correctly read tag 530,amplifier 508 increases the transmission power level again until reader500 can read tag 530 correctly. Once the read is successful, the tag idof tag 530 and its optimal or efficient power level are stored instorage location 530. The values stored in storage location 530 will bereferenced for future readings.

An advantage of using transmission power control is to conserve limitedpower usage. Another advantage of using the transmission power controlis to reduce signal (radio frequency) interference (noise) in the area.For example, if an RFID reader has a directional antenna or multipleantennas and beam-forming capabilities, the reader can use an optimumlevel of transmission power to focus on a particular tag or a set oftags. It should be noted that parameter settings for transmission powercontrol such as tag ID 520 and power level 522 are used for futureinterrogations. Receiver gain, for instance, is another parameter thatcan affect the range of a reader that can reach because lower receivergain should decrease the range of the reader while high receiver gainincreases the range of the reader.

Grouping multiple individual data transmissions into a single largerdata transmission can conserve power in an RFID device such as a reader.For example, reader 500 is configured to interrogate tags and to receivetag data (or responses) from various tags. Reader 500 stores everyindividual tag data in its memory, and subsequently assembles a singlelarger data stream from the individual tag data. Once the single largerdata stream reaches a predefined size, reader 500 makes a single datatransmission transmitting the single larger data stream to itsdestination, such as an access point or a server.

Reducing the number of transmissions can conserve power. Singletransmission for a large data stream generally consumes lesstransmission energy or transmission power than multiple transmissionsfor multiple small individual data streams. It should be noted thatgrouping multiple individual tag data into one large data stream of tagdata can be effective for some non-time critical applications. Forexample, in an inventory control environment, a mobile inventory controlreader interrogates several stationary tags, groups their responses, andthen transmits the grouped responses to an access point/server.

FIG. 6 illustrates an RFID system 600 using signal boosters for powerconservation in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.RFID system 600 includes tags 152, readers 160, access points 610, andsignal boosters 602-608. Access points 610 includes multiple accesspoints 612-614 wherein access points 612, for example, may be a cellularpacket-based network, a WLAN access points, or a combination of WLAN andcellular network. Router 180 is coupled to servers connected over theInternet 184 via access points 610.

Signal boosters 602-608, also known as repeaters, are capable ofaccessing AC power or a larger battery power. A function of signalboosters 602-608 is to expand an RFID reader's coverage (or range) byboosting the RFID signal strength. Signal booster 602-608 can alsoassist other RFID devices active tags 152 to reach regions beyond theirown capabilities partially due to the limited portable power source.Boosters 602-608 are configured to use external antennas to collectsurrounding signals and use amplifier to boost or amplify the receivedsignals before re-broadcasting them.

An advantage of using signal boosters 602-608 is to increase thereaders' or tags' effective communication range without increasing theirbattery consumption. In other words, signal boosters 602-608 areconfigured to use their relaying capabilities to improve signalstrength. Signal boosters 602-608 can amplify both uplink and downlinksignals. For instance, for an uplink transmission, signal booster602-608 can assist signals traveling from a tag to a reader, and thenfrom the reader to an access point. Similarly, for a downlinktransmission, signal booster 602-608 boost signals traveling from anaccess point to a reader, and then from the reader to a tag. Anotheradvantage of using signal boosters 602-608 is to reduce RFID rolloutcost because signal boosters can increase the devices' (readers and/ortags) physical coverage thereby reducing the number of readers needed tocover a given physical area.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system 700 usingad-hoc/mesh networking for power conservation in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. System 700 further includes WLAN168, cellular network 170, tags 152 and readers 702-706. To moreeffectively managing power consumption, some readers such as reader 704contain battery level indicators 710. Battery level indicator 710, forexample, indicates a power level associated with reader 704. System 700is coupled to the Internet 184 via router 180.

A battery powered sensor or battery level indicator 710 is capable ofmeasuring a charge level of a battery, which provides batteryinformation about an RFID device, such as reader 704. Battery levelinformation, for example, estimates the remaining charge or remainingcharge percentage of the battery. In one embodiment, an active tag witha battery level indicator is configured to send its battery level in atransmission packet indicating its battery status. Likewise, a readercan also use some bits in a transmission packet to inform an accesspoint about its battery level. Readers with low battery level shouldconserve energy by removing excess data (e.g., filtering redundant dataor duplicate, and/or incomplete tag reads) before sending the data tothe access point(s).

Referring back to FIG. 7, reader 710 uses a wireless ad-hoc network,also known as mesh networking. The network is ad-hoc because eachnetwork node is willing to forward data for other nodes, and so thedetermination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based onthe network connectivity. A node can be a system or a device within acommunications network. Referring back to FIG. 7, reader 710 uses awireless mesh network and/or power-aware wireless ad-hoc networking totransfer data to a distant destination such as access point 168 becauseit consumes less power by transmitting to a closer network node such asreader 706 which forwards the data to base-station 170. Ad-hoc/meshnetworking can therefore be used to handle RFID data transmission andconserve power. In one embodiment, power management controls the methodof a data transmission in response to devices' power status.

Reader 704, for instance, may use different wireless networks based onits battery status indicated by battery level indicator 710. If thebattery level is high, reader 704 may transmit data directly to adistant access point such as WLAN access point 168. If, however, thebattery level is low, reader 704 may be reprogrammed to use power-awarewireless ad-hoc networking and transmit the data to a nearby readerprovided the nearby reader is able and has sufficient power to relay thedata. If the nearby reader has a high battery level, it can transmitdata directly to a distance access point. If, on the other hand, thenearby reader also has a low battery status, it transmits the data toanother nearby RFID device. The data may continue to hop between RFIDdevices until it reaches its destination.

It should be noted that forwarding (or transmitting) data can hop morethan once (e.g. reader 1 to 2 to 3 to cellular base station). Thispower-aware wireless ad-hoc networking method can conserve power byrouting data via multiple hops. It, however, should be noted that thepower-aware wireless ad-hoc networking may be effective for non-timecritical data. For instance, if the data is time critical, the datashould be transmitted directly to its destination to comply with thetime critical requirement. On the other hand, if the data is non-timecritical, the data can be transmitted using the power-aware routingalgorithms to conserve power.

Larger batteries and smaller transmission power generally can prolonglifetime of RFID devices because larger batteries with power efficientmanagement reduce the frequency of battery recharges for the RFIDdevices. Readers 702-706, for example, can be incorporated into otherelectronic devices having larger batteries, such as cellular phones,PDAs, laptops, digital cameras, wireless game consoles, and so forth.Some electronic devices may have multiple wireless radios with differentcommunication capabilities such as 802.11* wireless LAN, cellular (GPRS,CDPD, 2.5G, 3G, etc), Bluetooth, Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), Zigbee, andother ad-hoc/mesh network technologies. If an electronic device has morethan one radio communication capabilities, an RFID device that isintegrated into the electronic device can pick and choose one of theseveral radios (e.g. the lowest power consuming radio) to perform thedata transmission. Alternatively, the RFID device may also be configuredto put the extra radios into a sleep state in order to save power.

An RFID system application, in one embodiment, resides in a serverconnected over the Internet, a router, or a reader, wherein theapplication is configured to control the tag reads for RFID readers suchthat the same tag is not interrogated multiple times by differentreaders. It should be noted that multiple successful interrogation ofthe same tag by different readers would not yield any new informationand would only waste resources such as battery energy of readers. Assuch, minimizing multiple tag readings of the same tag can conservepower.

Some RFID system applications are further configured to employ powermanagement to implement methods of graceful system degradations. Forexample, when the battery power level of an active tag falls to a lowpower or zero power level, instead of complete failure, the RFIDapplication employs power management to gradually phase out the lowpower active tag device. Power management may reprogram or reassignnearby tags to perform functions originally carried out by the low poweractive tag device. Likewise, some low power readers may no longer beable to perform tag reads and other nearby readers may carry out thosefunctions instead. RFID applications are further configured to adapttheir user interface and display to take into account that some tags andreaders are not functioning due to low-power. For example, if an RFIDapplication is configured to display a map using ambient data (e.g.temperature, light, sound, video, acceleration, vibration, pressure andmovement), it may still show the map with measured data from availableworking active tags. For the areas in which active tags have run out ofbattery, the RFID application can display blank information.Alternatively, the RFID application can interpolate sensed data fromnearby working tags and display the map with the interpolatedinformation. Interpolated information, in one example, may be displayedwith one particular color that differentiates interpolated data fromactual measured data.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system 800 using RFcoverage and interference levels for power conservation in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention. System 800 includes tags802-806, a mobile reader 810, and access points 820-822. Mobile reader810 employs power efficient management for identifying reading locationsor zones with lowest interference levels and/or strongest RF coveragelocations.

RF coverage and interference levels concerning wireless networks andRFID devices can be measured before-hand or predicted using RFelectromagnetic propagation models. The strength of the RF field reducesinversely proportionally to the square of the distance in free space.The RF field is also attenuated by metal objects and multi-path travelcaused by reflections. The RF field is also a function of thepolarization angle between the RFID device's transmitter antenna and areceiver antenna. The range of a tag, for example, can be increased whenpolarization angles between the tag and the reader are aligned.

RFID reader 810 is configured to determine power efficient geographiclocation or optimal power efficient location using positioninginformation. Positioning information may be obtained via GPS devices,cell related information from the cellular networks, or triangulationschemes. The power efficient, optimal or suboptimal positions areidentified in response to the power consumption point of view betweentags and readers. At high interference areas, RFID devices need toincrease their power level to overcome or compensate for the noise(interference) level. As such, readers should perform tag readoperations at locations with minimal RF interference. RFID devices(readers and tags) can normally operate at low power levels in locationswith minimal RF interference. For example, readers should not perform atag read in an area with high interference because interrogating a tagin the area with high interference consumes greater power than areaswith low interference. Similarly, active tags should avoid performingany data transmission in high interference areas. In one example, if anactive tag is on a moving container, a reader should not perform a tagread until the tag reaches a low interference location.

During an operation, an RFID system is capable of instructing reader 810to interrogate tags 802-806 at power efficient positions according to RFcoverage information and positioning information stored in mobile reader810. If, for example, position X1 is a power efficient position forreader 810 to interrogate tag 802, then reader 810 should use positionX1 to read tag 802 and forward the data it reads to access point 820. Inthis example, reader position X1 is close to both tag 802 and accesspoint 820. Position X1 therefore reduces the power consumption for boththe reader-tag communication and the reader-access point communication.Similarly, if position X2 is a power efficient position for the readerto interrogate tag 804, then reader 810 should use position X2 to readtag 804 and forward the data it reads to access point 822. It should benoted that RF fields are three-dimensional, and power efficientpositions should be considered and measured in three-dimensional with x,y, z co-ordinates.

To implement power management, various application triggers for powersaving methods can be entered in an RFID system. Triggers can reside inreaders 160, access points 166, base stations 170-172, routers 180, orserver controller 182. Triggers have tag and reader components (e.g. tagwith ID X enters the range of Reader A). Examples of triggers includetag enters reader's range, tag leaves reader's range, tag in reader'srange is moving, tag has been in reader's range for a time period, andtag has been out of reader's range for a time period. Triggersillustrated in the present invention are configured to be associatedwith actions or events so that when a trigger occurs, the correspondingaction(s) such as power saving events for a tag and/or a reader areperformed.

The present invention further illustrates a power saving technique forRFID tags used in an RFID system. Battery replacement for active tagscan be difficult because of the volume of active tags employed. Activetags, in one embodiment, can be integrated into other electronic devicessuch as cellular handsets, PDAs, laptops, digital cameras, wireless gameconsoles, and so forth. Active tags that are integrated in an electronicdevice are allowed to access the large batteries of the electronicdevice. The ability to access the large batteries of an electronicdevice prolongs the lifetime of the active tag. In another embodiment,the active tag no longer requires a battery because it can use thebatteries of the electronic device. This reduces the cost of the activetag.

The present invention further illustrates a power saving management byadjusting internal clock cycles or frequency to conserve power. Forexample, RFID devices are capable of adjusting the operating clockcycles to the lowest possible clock frequency for power conservation.During a period of low reader activity, reducing the operating clockcycle will not affect the reader's performance. Decreasing the clockcycle will reduce the load current from the power source. It should benoted that decreasing the load current by a given factor will result ina greater factor increase in battery life. Thus, it is advantageous torun circuits at a lower frequency, so that the load current is reducedand the battery lifetime is increased.

Active tags, in one embodiment, are configured to enter power down, orlow-power state, for their circuitry at regular time intervals. Itshould be noted that power management can be implemented in RFIDmiddleware and/or application software. The applications are capable ofadapting their usage of low-power tags. For example, the applicationsmay instruct readers to read low-power tags less frequently and switchlow-power tags into a sleep state more often. The applications can alsodetermine which tags are not needed at a particular time or location andthen use readers to put those tags into a sleep state. RFID middlewareand application software may reside on server controller 182, router180, WLAN access points 166, and/or base-stations 170-172 of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating RFID system 900 using tagfrequency information in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. System 900 includes tags 910, reader group 920, and accesspoint group 610. Tags 910, in one embodiment, contain Ultra HighFrequencies (“UHF”) tags 912 and Low Frequency (“LF”) tags 913. Readergroup 910 includes multiple readers 922-924 wherein each reader includesa battery level indicator.

RFID tags are designed and operated in several different frequenciessuch as UHF tags and LF tags. UHF tags offer faster data rates andlonger range data transmission. UHF tags, however, consume more powerthan LF tags. LF tags, on the other hand, offer slower data rates thanUHF tags but they consume less power than UHF tags. LF tags are capableof penetrating non-metallic material such as liquids. As such, if anRFID application has access to both UHF tags 912 and LF tags 913, LFtags 913 should be used instead of UHF tags 912. For example, if an RFIDapplication is mapping sensed temperatures and it can read from both UHFtags and LF tags, the application should use LF tag. The application mayalso adapt itself based on power level. For example, when the batterylevel is high, the reader reads passive UHF tags and when the batterylevel falls below a predefined battery low level, the reader switches touse LF tags instead.

In another aspect, the data structure used in a tag affects the powerefficiency of the tag. Efficient and compact representations should beused for storing tag information and sensed data. For example, a readerconsumes less power to interrogate a tag with compact datarepresentations than a tag with non-compact data structure. Active tagsalso consume less power to transmit their compact data structure toreaders. Similarly, compact representations reduce the transmissionpower required for readers 920 to pass the read data to an access point610, router 180 or server controller 182.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system 1000 having powermanagement for active tags in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. System 1000 includes active tag group 1002, readergroup 160, WLAN access point 167 and cellular network 170. Tag group1002 further includes multiple active tags 1004-1009 wherein each activetag contains a battery level indicator. The battery level indicator isused to monitor power capacity within the tag.

Active tags 1004-1009, in one embodiment, include digital processingcontrollers for power management and perform their tasks depending ontheir power levels. Alternatively, readers 162-164 can also act ascontrollers for power management for active tags 1004-1009. For example,when the battery level of tag 1009 falls below a certain predeterminedpower level, tag 1009 transmits a battery-low signal to a nearbyreader(s) such as reader 162 indicating its low power status. Reader 162subsequently reprograms tag 1009 including its sensor to conservebattery consumption within tag 1009. In another embodiment, reader 162reprograms other available and/or nearby devices with higher batterylevels such as tag 1008. For example, reader 162 reprograms tag 1008 toperform tasks which were previously performed by tag 1009.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system 1100 having powermanagement for active tag communications in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention. System 1100 includes active taggroup 1102, reader group 160, WLAN access point 167 and cellular network170. Tag group 1102 further includes multiple active tags 1104-1110wherein each active tag contains a battery level indicator. The batterylevel indicator is used to monitor power capacity or power level withineach active tag.

Active tags 1104-1110, in one embodiment, include digital processingcontrollers for power management and perform the tasks depending ontheir power levels. For example, active tag 1110 senses its low batterystatus from its battery level indicator or power sensor, and theninforms other nearby active tag(s) such as tag 1108 about its lowbattery status. When a nearby tag such as tag 1108 receives theinformation that tag 1110 is approaching a low battery status and willnot be able to function properly, tag 1108 is subsequently reprogrammedor reassigned to perform tasks that otherwise are performed by tag 1110.In other words, power management, which could reside in the active tagor a reader, reassigns tasks from a low battery tag to another nearbytag. For example, low power tag 1106 communicates directly to tag 1104requesting tag 1104 to perform the functions of tag 1106. Once tag 1104is reassigned to do the functions of tag 1106, tag 1104 informs reader164 about the change. It should be noted that the reassigning processcould involve more than one hop (e.g. tag 1 to tag 2 to tag 3).

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system 1200 having powermanagement using active tag ad-hoc/mesh networking in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. System 1200 includes active taggroup 1202, reader group 160, WLAN access point 167 and cellular network170. Tag group 1202 further includes multiple active tags 1210-1222,wherein some active tags contain battery level indicators. The batterylevel indicator is used to monitor power capacity or power level withineach active tag.

Active tags 1210-1222, in one embodiment, include digital processingcontrollers for power management and perform the tasks depending ontheir power levels. In one embodiment, a low-power active tag sensor canuse mesh networks and/or power-aware wireless ad-hoc networkingalgorithms to transfer data from a low-power tag to a distant reader.Since transmission power is proportional to the square of the distance,it is more efficient for a low-power tag to use ad-hoc networkingmethods and transmit its data to a closer network node than make asingle transmission to a distant reader.

Referring back to FIG. 12, low-power active tag 1222 is configured totransmit its data to active tag 1220, since tag 1220 is physicallysituated closer to reader 1. Upon receipt of data from tag 1222, activetag 1220 forwards the data to reader 1. Data transmission of tag 1222data via tag 1220 consumes less battery power than tag 1222 transmittingdata directly to reader 1. In another embodiment, ad-hoc networkingbetween active tags can include multiple hops. For example, active tag1214 forwards its data to active tag 1212, and tag 1212 again forwardsthe data to active tag 1210. After active tag 1210 receives the datafrom tag 1212, it then transmits the data to reader 1. It should benoted that the power-aware wireless ad-hoc networking may be carried outselectively. For example, if the data is time-critical, the data istransmitted directly to a reader immediately. If, however, the data isnon time-critical, the power-aware routing algorithms described abovemay be used.

In another embodiment, signal boosters (or repeaters) with access to ACpower or larger battery powers can be used to boost the effective rangeof active tags. As mentioned above, boosters generally use externalantennas to collect the best signals and an amplifier which amplifiesthe signals before re-broadcasting the improved signal strength signals.This technique allows a low battery active tag to lower its transmissionpower because it relies on the signal boosters to increase its signalstrength and range. The boosters can amplify uplink signals (i.e., tagto reader, and then reader to access point) and downlink signals (i.e.,access point to reader and then reader to tag).

The present invention includes various processing steps, which will bedescribed below. The steps of the present invention may be embodied inmachine or computer executable instructions. The instructions can beused to cause a general purpose or special purpose system, which isprogrammed with the instructions to perform the steps of the presentinvention. Alternatively, the steps of the present invention may beperformed by specific hardware components that contain hard-wired logicfor performing the steps, or by any combination of programmed computercomponents and custom hardware components. While embodiments of thepresent invention will be described with reference to wirelesscommunications networks, the method and apparatus described herein isequally applicable to other network infrastructures, or other datacommunication environments.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating a process of power management for anRFID system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.The process starts at block 1301 and proceeds to block 1302, the processobtains location information from a GPS device. In one embodiment, theGPS receiver is installed in a reader and it obtains the locationinformation in relation to the reader from a GPS in a satellite. Itshould be noted that the process may also obtain information from amotion sensor installed in the reader. Once the location information isreceived, the process moves to the next block.

At block 1304, the process calculates a current location or real-timegeographic location of the reader according to the location information.If the reader is constantly moving, the process is configured toestimate a reader's real-time location by projecting the direction andspeed of the mobile reader according to the location information and theGPS information received earlier. After block 1304, the process moves tothe next block.

At block 1306, the process retrieves a plurality of active RF readingzones stored in a storage location in the reader, or downloaded to thereader from an access point 166, base station 170-172, router 180,enterprise application 184, or server controller 182. Active RF readingzones can be physical spaces and rooms that require the reading of tags,and/or areas with low interference and/or proper RF signal coverage. Theprocess subsequently moves to the next block.

At block 1308, the process determines whether the current location iswithin at least one of the active reading zones. In one embodiment, theprocess identifies power efficient reading zones from the active RFreading zones according to the location information since not everyretrieved active reading zone can be the power efficient reading zone.Once the power efficient reading zone is identified, the processcompares the current location, or the current real-time geographiclocation, with the power efficient reading zone to determine whether thereader is within the power efficient reading zone or is outside of thepower efficient reading zone. In one embodiment, the process is capableof identifying a reading zone with minimal interference in response tothe power efficient reading zone. The process is further capable ofupdating stored information according to new information received anddetected in the power efficient reading zone. Once the processidentifies whether the reader is within the power efficient readingzone, the process proceeds to the next block.

At block 1310, the process switches at least a portion of componentssuch as a display of the reader into a sleep state to conserve power ifthe current location is outside of any said reading zones. In anotherembodiment, the process is also capable of activating the reader fromthe sleep state to an active state if the current location is within theactive reading zones.

The above description illustrates various embodiments of the presentinvention along with examples of how aspects of the present inventionmay be implemented. The above examples and embodiments should not bedeemed to be the only embodiments, and are presented to illustrate theflexibility and advantages of the present invention as defined by thefollowing claims. Based on the above disclosure and the followingclaims, other arrangements, embodiments, implementations and equivalentswill be evident to those skilled in the art and may be employed withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by theclaims.

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A method for transmitting information relating toradio frequency identification (“RFID”) in an RFID reader, comprising:obtaining location information from a global positioning system (“GPS”);calculating a current location of said RFID reader according to saidlocation information; retrieving a plurality of active RF reading zonesrelating to said current location of said RFID reader from a storagelocation of said RFID reader; determining whether said current locationof said RFID reader is within said at least one zone of said pluralityof active RF reading zones; and switching at least a portion ofcomponents of said RFID reader into a sleep state to conserve power ifsaid current location of said RFID reader is outside of any of saidplurality of active RF reading zones.
 16. The method of claim 15,further comprising: activating at least a portion of components of saidRFID reader from said sleep state to an active state if said currentlocation of said RFID reader is within said at least one of saidplurality of active RF reading zones.
 17. The method of claim 15,wherein said determining whether said current location of said RFIDreader is within at least one zone of said plurality of active RFreading zones further includes: identifying power efficient readingzones from said plurality of active RF reading zones according to saidlocation information; and comparing said current location of said RFIDreader with at least one of said power efficient reading zones.
 18. Themethod of claim 15, wherein said determining whether said currentlocation of said RFID reader is within at least one active of said RFreading zone further includes identifying a reading zone with minimalinterference in response to said location information. 19-27. (canceled)28. A method for transmitting information relating to radio frequencyidentification (“RFID”) in an RFID system, comprising: identifying afirst tag to be read; transmitting a first transmission power to readsaid first tag; transmitting a second transmission power which is higherfrequency than said first transmission power to read said first tag ifsaid first transmission power fails to read said first tag; and storingsaid second transmission power together with an identification of saidfirst tag in a memory unit of an RFID reader for subsequent reads ifsaid second transmission power reads said first tag correctly.
 29. Themethod of claim 28, further comprising: identifying a second tag to beread; transmitting a third transmission power to read said second tag;transmitting a fourth transmission power which is higher than said thirdtransmission power to read said second tag if said third transmissionpower fails to read said second tag; and storing said fourthtransmission power together with an identification of said second tag ofsaid memory unit in said RFID reader for subsequent reads if said fourthtransmission power reads said second tag correctly
 30. The method ofclaim 28, further comprising: adjusting the electronic beam-offset andbeam-width angles to focus the beam energy more directly on a targetedtag; storing said beam-offset angle and beam-width angle together withan identification of said tag. 31-46. (canceled)
 47. A method ofcontrolling power consumption of a radio frequency identification(“RFID”) system by an RFID application, The RFID system comprising anRFID reader communicatively coupled to a plurality of tags, the RFIDreader comprising a battery, the plurality of tags comprising a set ofultra high frequency (UHF) tags and a set of low frequency (LF) tags,the RFID application capable of utilizing data from either UHF tags orLF tags, the method comprising: determining a battery level of the RFIDreader; when the battery level is below a predetermined threshold,reading data from the active LF tags and placing the UHF tags into asleep state; when the battery level is not below the predeterminedthreshold, reading data from the passive UHF tags and placing the LFtags into a sleep state; and sending the data read from the tags to theRFID application.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the UHF tags arepassive tags without an inter power source, wherein the LF tags areactive tags comprising an internal power source.
 49. The method of claim47, wherein a set of tags in the plurality of tags are active tagsincorporated in an electronic device to prolog prolong a batterylifetime of the active tags.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein theelectronic device is one of a cellular phone, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a laptop, a digital camera, and a wireless gameconsole.
 51. The method of claim 50 further comprising using compactdata structure on each tag in the plurality of tags to (i) reduce apower required to interrogate each tags by the RFID reader and (ii) tosend data read from each tag to an access point communicatively coupledto the RFID reader.
 52. The method of claim 50 further comprisingadjusting a clock frequency of the RFID reader based on an amount ofRFID reader activity.
 53. The method of claim 50 further comprisingconfiguring the active tags to enter a low power state at regular timeintervals.
 54. The method of claim 50 further comprising: determiningwhether each tag in the set of active tags has a low battery level; andplacing an active tag into a sleep state more often when the active taghas a low battery level than when the active tag does not have a lowbattery level.